Value expressions

The result of a value expression is sometimes called a scalar, to distinguish it from the result of a table expression (which is a table).

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Aggregate function calls

An aggregate function call represents the application of an aggregate function across the rows selected by a query.

An aggregate function call should be in one of the following syntaxes:

aggregate_name ( expression [ , ... ] [ order_by_clause ] ) [ FILTER ( WHERE filter_clause ) ]
aggregate_name ( DISTINCT expression [ , ... ] [ order_by_clause ] ) [ FILTER ( WHERE filter_clause ) ]
aggregate_name ( * ) [ FILTER ( WHERE filter_clause ) ]
aggregate_name ( [ expression [ , ... ] ] ) WITHIN GROUP ( order_by_clause ) [ FILTER ( WHERE filter_clause ) ]

aggregate_name is one of the aggregation functions listed on Aggregate functions, and expression is a value expression that does not contain an aggregate expression or a window function call.

The DISTINCT keyword, which is only available in the second form, cannot be used together with an ORDER BY or WITHIN GROUP clause. Additionally, it’s important to note that the order_by_clause is positioned differently in the first and fourth forms.

aggregate_name can also be in the following form:

AGGREGATE:function_name

where the AGGREGATE: prefix converts a builtin array function (e.g. array_sum) or an user-defined function, to an aggregate function. The function being converted must accept exactly one argument of an array type. After the conversion, a function like foo ( array of T ) -> U becomes an aggregate function like AGGREGATE:foo ( T ) -> U.

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Window function calls

A window function call represents the application of an aggregate-like function over a set of rows that are related to the current row (the “window”).

The “window” is defined by the OVER clause, which generally consists of three parts:

• Window partitioning (the PARTITION BY clause): Specifies how to partition rows into smaller sets.
• Window ordering (the ORDER BY clause): Specifies how the rows are ordered. This part is required for ranking functions.
• Window frame (the ROWS, RANGE or SESSION clause): Specifies a particular row or the range of the rows over which calculations are performed.

A window function call should be in the following syntax:

window_function_name ( [expression [, expression ... ]] ) OVER
( PARTITION BY partition_expression
[ ORDER BY sort_expression [ ASC | DESC ] [ NULLS { FIRST | LAST } ] [, ...] ]
[frame_clause])

For ranking window functions like row_number, rank and dense_rank, ORDER BY clause is required.

When operating in the Emit on window close mode for a streaming query, ORDER BY clause is required for all window functions. Please ensure that you specify exactly one column in the ORDER BY clause. This column, generally a timestamp column, must have a watermark defined for it. It’s important to note that when using the timestamp column from this streaming query in another streaming query, the watermark information associated with the column is not retained.

window_function_name is one of the window functions listed on Window functions.

frame_clause can be one of:

{ ROWS | RANGE } frame_start [ frame_exclusion ]
{ ROWS | RANGE } BETWEEN frame_start AND frame_end [ frame_exclusion ]
SESSION WITH GAP gap [ frame_exclusion ]

For ROWS or RANGE frame, frame_start and frame_end can be:

UNBOUNDED PRECEDING
offset PRECEDING
CURRENT ROW
offset FOLLOWING
UNBOUNDED FOLLOWING

If only frame_start is specified, CURRENT ROW will be used as the end of the window.

The requirements of offset vary in different frames. In ROWS frame, the offset should be a positive constant integer indicating the number of rows before or after the current row. While RANGE frame requires the ORDER BY clause to specify exactly one column, and the offset expression to be a positive constant of a data type that is determined by the data type of the ordering column. For example, if the ordering column is timestamptz, the offset expression should be an positive constant interval.

For SESSION frame, the requirements of gap are very similar to those of offset for RANGE frame. The ORDER BY clause should specify exactly one column and the gap expression should be a positive constant of a data type that is determined by the data type of the ordering column.

frame_exclusion can be either of these:

EXCLUDE CURRENT ROW
EXCLUDE NO OTHERS

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Type casts

A type cast specifies a conversion from one data type to another.

CAST ( expression AS type )
expression::type

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Row constructors

A row constructor is an expression that builds a row value using values from its member fields.

ROW([expression][,...])

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Example

The following two statements create a table and add values to the table.

CREATE TABLE t (v1 int, v2 int);
INSERT INTO t VALUES (1,12), (2,13), (3,30);

The row constructor in the statement below returns all rows in table t in the form of row values (,).

SELECT row (v1, v2*2) AS demo FROM t;

  demo
--------
 (1,24)
 (2,26)
 (3,60)
(3 rows)

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Array constructors

An array constructor is an expression that creates an array from a group of values.

An array can be construcuted with the following syntax.

ARRAY [expression1, expression2, ...]

For example:

SELECT ARRAY[1, 2, 3*4];
----------
 {1,2,12}
(1 row)

An array constructor can be nested in another array constructor. For example:

SELECT ARRAY[ARRAY[1, 2], ARRAY[3, 4]];
----------
 {{1,2},{3,4}}
(1 row)

For a nested array constructor, ARRAY cannot be omitted. The following statement cannot be parsed.

SELECT ARRAY[[1,2], [3,4]];

When you create a table, define an array with square brackets. For example:

CREATE TABLE (f1 INT[], f2 INT[]);

INSERT INTO arr VALUES (ARRAY[1,2], ARRAY[3,4]);