SELECT

Use the SELECT command to retrieve rows from a table or materialized view. It returns the rows that satisfy the criteria that you specify with the clauses and conditions in your query.

Syntax

[ WITH clause ]
SELECT [ ALL | DISTINCT ] [ [table_name.]* [ EXCEPT ( [table_name.]except_column, ... ] ) ] | expression [ AS output_name ] [ , expression [ AS output_name ] ... ] ]
    [ VALUES clause ]
    [ FROM from_item [ , from_item ...] ]
    [ WHERE condition ]
    [ GROUP BY grouping_expression [ , grouping_expression ... ] ]
    [ HAVING condition ]
    [ ORDER BY sort_expression [ ASC | DESC ] [ NULLS { FIRST | LAST } ] [ , ... ] ]
    [ LIMIT count_number ]
    [ OFFSET start [ ROW | ROWS ] ];

Where from_item can be:

    table_name  [ [ AS ] alias [ ( column_alias_list ) ] ]
    window_type ( table_name, col_name, interval_expression ) [ [ AS ] alias [ ( column_alias_list ) ] ]
    ( SELECT ) [ [ AS ] alias [ ( column_alias_list ) ] ]
    from_item join_type from_item [ ON join_condition ]

Parameters

Parameter or clause	Description
WITH clause	Provides a way to write supplemental statements for a larger query. For more information, see WITH clause.
EXCEPT clause	Exclude one or more columns from the result set. By specifying except_column, the query will return all columns in the result set except those specified.
expression	A column or an expression.
VALUES clause	This clause generates one or more rows of data as a table expression. For details, see VALUES clause.
alias	A temporary alternative name for a table or materialized view in a query.
table_name	A table or materialized view.
grouping_expression	Values can be: Input column names Input column expressions without subqueries or correlated columns
ORDER BY clause	By default, sorting is in ascending (ASC) order, with NULL values treated as the largest.
sort_expression	Values can be: Output column names Output column ordinal numbers Hidden select expressions
count_number	The number of results you want to get.
OFFSET clause	The OFFSET clause can only be used with the LIMIT and ORDER BY clauses.
(SELECT)	A SELECT command. You must enclose the subquery in parentheses, and specify an alias. When you include a subquery in the FROM clause, the output of the subquery is used as a temporary view that is only valid in the query.
join_type	Supported join types: [INNER] JOIN LEFT [OUTER] JOIN RIGHT [OUTER] JOIN FULL [OUTER] JOIN Currently, only the ON clause is supported for joins.
join_condition	Conditions for the ON clause that must be met before the two from_items can be joined.
window_type	The type of the time window function. Possible values are HOP and TUMBLE.
interval_expression	The interval expression, in the format of INTERVAL '<interval>'. For example: INTERVAL '2 MINUTES'. The standard SQL format, which places time units outside of quotation marks (for example, INTERVAL '2' MINUTE), is also supported.
FROM clause	Specifies the source of the data on which the query should operate. For more information, see FROM clause.
GROUP BY clause	Groups rows in a table with identical data, thus eliminating redundancy in the output and aggregates that apply to these groups. For more information, see GROUP BY clause.
HAVING clause	Eliminates group rows that do not satisfy a given condition. For more information, see HAVING clause.
LIMIT clause	When the ORDER BY clause is not present, the LIMIT clause cannot be used as part of a materialized view. For more information, see LIMIT clause.
WHERE clause	Specifies any conditions or filters to apply to your data. For more information, see WHERE clause.

Example

Below are the tables within the same schema that we will be writing queries from.

The table taxi_trips includes the columns id, distance, duration, and fare, where id identifies each unique trip.

{
  "id": VARCHAR,
  "distance": DOUBLE PRECISION,
  "duration": DOUBLE PRECISION,
  "fare": DOUBLE PRECISION
}

The table taxi includes the columns taxi_id and trip_id, where trip_id and id in taxi_trips are matching fields.

{
  "taxi_id": VARCHAR,
  "trip_id": VARCHAR
}

The table company includes the columns company_id and taxi_id, where taxi_id and taxi_id in taxi are matching fields.

{
  "company_id": VARCHAR,
  "taxi_id": VARCHAR
}

The following query returns the total distance and duration of trips that are beyond the initial charge ($2.50) of each taxi from the company "Yellow Taxi" and "FabCab".

SELECT
    taxi.taxi_id,
    sum(trips.distance) AS total_distance,
    sum(trips.duration) AS total_duration
FROM taxi_trips AS trips
LEFT JOIN taxi ON trips.id = taxi.trip_id
WHERE taxi_id IN (
          SELECT taxi_id
          FROM company
          WHERE company_id IN ('Yellow Taxi', 'FabCab')
      )
      AND trips.fare > 2.50
GROUP BY taxi_id
ORDER BY total_distance, total_duration;